§° î®±u¯æX¯‡®±ÁŠ®±

§° î®±u®æ w®î®±w®º

d°î®w®-X®‹qµä(š®±î®±u®æ-ïc‡®± N®w®Ýl®š¯Š¯ºý®)

N®³rS®¡®±(š®î®Áî®±²©S®äºs®S®¡®y®‹X®‡®±)

š®î®Áî®±²©S®äºs®S®¡®±

î®±u®æ-›u¯Üºq®

î®±u®æ î®±q®u® w®î®Š®q®ÝS®¡®±

…¢q¯Úš®²N®Ùu®ªå î®±u®æ›u¯Üºq®u® Ÿ‹îµ±

¯u®æ-y®Š®ºy®Šµ

¯u®æ î¯W⇮± q®y®›æS®¡®±

xq¯ãw®±Ç¯Õw®-š®ºS®äœ®

šµ²Ù°q®äš®ºS®äœ®

›ô°‡®±‹S¯T

œ®…à œ®‹vw® q¯X®Š®nµS®¡®±

š¯vÃæ° š¯u®w¯u®ý®Á

Cq®Šµ

£µ°q®äu®ý®Áw®

E-TEXTS ONLINE

Yºq®w®-î®±ºs®w®

Aw®±S®äœ® š®ºuµ°ý®

§° …䜮âoãr°s®ÁŠ®±

BuÂ¯Š®: §° …䜮âoãr°s®ÁŠ®± (d°î®w®u® š®º¤y®Ù y®‹X®‡®±)

Œµ°QN®Š®±: w®î®Š®q®Ý w¯Š¯‡®±oî®±²rÁ

š®î®±±q¯é‡®±Á q®î®±» šµ²Ù°î®±º š®w¯âS®Áº š®ºy®äN¯ý®ã X® |
š®u¯ ïÇ®±Ø y®u¯š®N®Ùº šµ°îµ° …䜮âo㠄¯š®ÊŠ®î®¾¬ ||

N®ºš®u®溛y®u¯º„µ²°c š®ºšµ²°Nµ²Ù° œ®ºš®y®¼ºS®î®» |
…䜮âoã S®±Š®±Š¯b¯Pµ²ã° î®q®Áq¯º  ¯w®šµ° ||


--§° î¯ãš®Š¯‡®±Š®±.

z°kNµ

§°î®±u¯w®ºu® r°s®Á‹ºu® š®ºš¯Úzq®î¯u® š®î®ÁcÓ z°j®î®w®±Ý A©ºN®‹›u® ‡®±r®±ÁŠ®ªå §° ïu¯ãvʯcŠ®± BŠ®wµ‡®±î®Š®±.§°y¯u®Š®± q®î®±â AvÃN¯Š¯î®v‡®±ªå (Oä.ý®. 1263-1332) q®î®±â þǮ㊯u® §° Нbµ°ºu®ä r°s®Á‹Sµ Bý®äî®±Nµ²h±Ô , uµæÈ¶q® î®±q® y®äX¯Š®î®w®±Ý ¯l®©± š®ºX¯Š® N®¡®±Ÿ›Nµ²hÔŠ®±. §° Нbµ°ºu®äŠ®± š®î®±s®ÁŠ®±,ïu¯ãš®ºy®w®ÝŠ®±.C®± š®ºX¯Š®u®ªåŠ®±î¯S® §° ïu¯ãvʯcŠ®± î®±±zÞxºu¯T …¡®ª B‡®¾¯š®Sµ²ºl®± §° Нbµ°ºu®ä‹Sµ q®î®±â š®ºX¯Š®î®w®±Ý îµ²hN®± ¯m ŸºrŠ®±T …Š®©± A®Š®u® N®Šµ‡®±w®±Ý Nµ²hÔŠ®±.§° Нbµ°ºu®ä‹Sµ q®£®o Ÿºq®±‹T …Š®©± š¯u®ãî¯S®ª©å.CǮԊ®ªå §°y¯u®Š® uµ°œ®›Úr‡®±± Nµh±Ô , A®Š®u®ªå A®± §° N®ï°ºu®ä‹Sµ Bý®äî®±Nµ²h±Ô w¯Š¯‡®±oy®Š®Š¯u®Š®±.§°î®±u¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ® N¯©u®ªå œµ²Š®h uµæÈ¶q®î®±q®u® î®±œ¯y®½Š® D ‹°r‡®±ªå §°N®ï°ºu®äŠ® N¯©u®ªå N®î®Œµ²lµ‰±q®±.§° Нbµ°ºu®ä‹ºu® î®±±ºu®±î®‹u® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå §° c‡®±u®æc r°s®ÁŠ®±, § y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®±, §°…䜮âoãr°s®ÁŠ®±(Oä.ý®.1443 ‹ºu® 1467) î®±q®±Ù §° î¯ãš®Š¯cŠ®± ННd›u®Š®±.

D y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå §° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®± ,§°…䜮âoãr°s®ÁŠ®± œ¯S®² 𮿩ÞN¯© §° î¯ãš®Š¯‡®±Š®± A…²àŠ®± S¯äî®±î®wµÝ° q®î®±â N¯‡®±Á £µ°q®äî®w¯ÝT B‡®±±ÛNµ²ºmu®ÛŠ®±.



§° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®±.

§° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®± cw® cºS®±¢‰±ºu® u®²Š®ïŠ®©± …‡®±›u® TS®¡®±.A®± î®±œ¯ b¯ÓxS®¡®², q®y®›æS®¡®² BTu®ÛŠ®±.Нc¯S®Ávºu® u®²Š®ïŠ®±î® N®oæw®vr°Š®u®ªåŠ®±î® y®äý¯ºq® î¯q¯î®Š®ou® A…²àŠ®± S¯äî®±î®w®±Ý q®î®±â N¯‡®±Á£µ°q®äî®w¯ÝT §° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®± B‹þu®±Û š®œ®cî¯T‡µ±° Cuµ.

§° …䜮âoã r°s®ÁŠ®±.

A…²àŠ®± S¯äî®±u®ªå §° w®Š®›ºœ® uµ°î¯©‡®±î®¼ y®ä›vÜœµ²ºvuµ.D uµ°î¯©‡®±u®ªå §° w®Š®›ºœ®w® ïS®äœ®u® …u®©± Kºu®± N®º…u® îµ±°Œµ ý®ºQX®N®äS®¡®± î®±²m…ºvîµ. Cuµ° N®º…u® w®Š®›ºœ®. D uµ°î®š¯Úw®u® …v‡®±Œµå° Kºu®± AS®äœ¯Š®ïu®±Û qµ²°hºq¯‡®± î®±wµq®w®NµÊ šµ°‹u® Š¯î®¾¯X¯‡®±Áеº… š®u®Ìȳœ®š®ÚŠ®± š®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±.Š¯î®¾¯X¯‡®±Á u®ºy®rS®¢Sµ y®¼q®ä š®ºq¯w®ï©åuµ, N®º…u® w®Š®›ºœ®xSµ œ®Š®Nµ œµ²q®±Ù, §° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ® šµ°îµ‡®±w®²Ý ¯l®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. §° w¯Š®›ºœ®w® N®³yµ œ¯S®² S®±Š®±S®¡® Aw®±S®äœ®vºu¯T u®ºy®rS®¢Sµ Kºu®± S®ºl®± î®±S®±î®¼ œ®±iÔq®±.N®³q®cÓqµ‰±ºu® q®î®±Sµ œ®±iÔu® î®±S®±ïSµ B u®ºy®rS®¡®± w®Š®›ºœ®wµºuµ° œµš®‹hÔŠ®±.

œ®±iÔu¯Txºu® X®±Š®±N¯u® î®±S®±î®¼ q¯‰±-q®ºuµS®¡®w®±Ý œ¯S®² q®w®Ý î®X®Á›éxºu®, …±vÜý®OÙ‰±ºu®, S®±Š®±S®¡¯u® y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®w®±Ý š®ºqµ²°Ç®y®mš®±rÙq®±Ù.„¯©N®w® Hºhwµ‡®± ®±›éw®ªå Ey®w®‡®±w® w®lµu®±, §°y¯u®Šµ° „¯©N®xSµ S¯‡®±rä Ey®uµ°ý®î®¾¯m, î®h±ïw® ý¯š¯ô„¯㚮u® œµ²nµ‡®±w®±Ý œµ²q®ÙŠ®±.
„¯©N® w®Š®›ºœ¯X¯‡®±Áw® …±vÜ N¹ý®© , î®±wµ²°„Â¯î® œ¯S®² š¯u®wµ‡®±w®±Ý q®î®±â b¯Ów® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® y®‹þ°ª› ,Bq®wµ° q®î®±â Eq®ÙНvÃN¯‹‡®¾¯S®©± š®²N®Ùî®ãOÙ‡µ±ºu®± §° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®± r°s®ÁŠ®± xu®Á‹›u®Š®±.xu¯ÁŠ®NµÊ …ºu®îµ±°Œµ A®± „¯©N®w® q®ºuµ q¯‰±S®¡® î®±w®îµ½ª›, Bq®xSµ š®ºw¯ãš® v°£µ Nµ²h±Ô, w®²q®w® ‡®±rS®¢Sµ §° …䜮âoã r°s®Áеºu®± w¯î®±N®Š®o ¯mu®Š®±. §° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®± q¯î®¼ Bý®äî®± y®lµu® š®î®±‡®±u®ªå w®²q®w® ‡®±rS®¢Sµ §° c‡®±u®æcr°s®ÁŠ®± q®î®±Tq®Ù §° w¯Š®›ºœ® uµ°î®Š® y®ärîµ±‡®±w®±Ý Nµ²h±Ô , q®î®±â š®ºš¯Úw®u® BvÃy®q®ãî®w®²Ý ASµ KzÞ›u®Š®±.
§° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®± q®î®±â þÇ®ã‹Sµ Bý®äî®±v°£µ Nµ²hÔw®ºq®Š® Oä.ý® 1443 §° u®±ºu®±†Ã w¯î®± š®ºî®q®éŠ®u® Xµ¶q®ä ý®±u®Ü y®äry®uµ‡®± vw® Au®³ý®ãНu®Š®±.DS®©² §° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®± r°s®ÁŠ®± A…²àŠ®± …¢ CŠ®±î® „µhÔu® îµ±°Œµ S®±œµ‡®±ªå q®y®š®±é ¯l®±rÙŠ®±î®Šµºu®², BS¯S® A®± S®±œµ‰±ºu® œµ²Š®…ºu®± Al¯Öl®±î®Šµºu®± , „®N®ÙŠ®± œµ°¡®±î®¼u®±ºh±.D S®±œµ‡µ±° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®± r°s®ÁŠ® S®±œµ‡µ±ºu®± N®Šµ‡®±©Þh±Ô, S®±œµ‡®±î®±±ºuµ î®±ºS®¡¯Š®r ¯l®±î® š®ºy®äu¯‡®± „µ¡µu®± …ºvuµ. D ‹°r‡®¾¯T „¯œ®ã y®äy®ºX®vºu® Au®³ý®ãНT „µhÔu® îµ±°ªw® S®±œµ‡®±ªå q®y®š®éw®±Ý BX®‹š®©± qµ²l®TŠ®±î® š®ºw¯ã›î®‡®±ÁŠ®ªå §° y®¼Š®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®± r°s®ÁŠ®± HŠ®l®wµ‡®±î®Š®±.Ÿºuµ Cuµ° ‹°r §° î®±u¯æX¯‡®±ÁŠ® y®½î¯Áý®äî®±u® Aw®±cНu® §° ïÇ®±Ø r°s®ÁŠ®±, „¯œ®ã y®äy®ºX®vºu® Au®³ý®ãНT, N®±î®¾¯Š®uÂ¯Š® y®î®Áq®u®ªå q®y®š®éw®±Ý BX®‹š®±rÙŠ®±î®¼u¯T „®N®ÙŠ®± w®º†Š®±î®¼u®w®±Ý Cªå š®â‹š®…œ®±u¯Tuµ.

§° …䜮âoãr°s®ÁŠ®± …±v܇®±ªå …³œ®š®Þr‡®±ºqµ‡®±², „®OÙ‡®±ªå y®äœ¯åu®w®ºqµ‡®±²,OÙ‡®±ªå š®w®N¯vS®¡®ºqµ‡®±² ýµ²°†Ãš®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±.š®cÑw®Š® ‡µ²°S®ãqµ‡®±w®Ý‹q®± …䜮âb¯Ów®î®w®±Ý ASµ „µ²°vÚ®±q¯Ù …䜮âoãr°s®Áеº… š¯s®ÁN®w¯î®±uµ°‡®±vºu® c¯w®Š¯u®Š®±.

Bý®äî®±v𣵠y®lµu®w®ºq®Š® §° …䜮âoãr°s®ÁŠ®± A…²àŠ®wµÝ° q®î®±â N¯‡®±Á£µ°q®äî®w¯ÝT ¯mNµ²ºmu®ÛŠ®±.N®oæ w®v‡®±ªå räN¯©š¯Ýw®,y®äoî® cy®q®y® œ¯S®² q®î®±â S®±Š®±S®¢ºu® y®Š®ºy®Š¯S®q®î¯T …ºu® §°î®±u¯æX¯‡®±ÁŠ® N®Š¯YÁq® ‡µ²°S®y®hÔ w¯Š®›ºœ®uµ°î®Š® y®är¯X®Áwµ œ¯S®² q®î®±â þÇ®ãºu®NµÊ ¯l®±rÙu®Û y¯j®y®äî®X®w®S®¡µ A® î®±±Qã vw®X®‹‡®¾¯Tq®±Ù. §° î®±u®æ›u¯Üºq®u® y®äîµ±°‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý „®N®Ùcw®‹Sµ Ey®uµ°þš®±q¯Ù î¯u®NµÊ C¢u® Cq®Š® y®ärî¯vS®¡®w®±Ý A®± xŠ®±q®ÙŠ®w¯ÝT ¯l®±q®Ùªu®ÛŠ®±.

A®± y®hÔu®ªåu¯ÛS® œµYÏw® AmSµ, „®£®È㠄µ²°cãS®¡®w®±Ý uµ°î®Š® wµ¶îµ°u®ãNµÊ ¯mš®uµ,þǮ㊮± F‹w®ªå †Ã£¯w®Ý ¯m q®ºu® Aœ¯Š®î®w®±Ý ý®ºPµ²°u®N®vºu® yµ½ä°¤› ,Au®wµÝ° uµ°î®Š® wµ¶îµ°u®ãNµÊ Ch±Ô þǮ㊵²l®wµ q¯î®½ B Bœ¯Š®î®wµÝ° „µ²°cw® ¯l®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±.

 

 

§° y®u®âw¯„® r°s®ÁŠ®±

§° œ®³™°Nµ°ý® r°s®ÁŠ®±

§° A£µ²°„®ã r°s®ÁŠ®±

§° räïN®äî®± y®ºmq¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ®±

§° w¯Š¯‡®±o y®ºmq¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ®±

§° c‡®±r°s®ÁŠ®±

§° ïc‡®±u®æc r°s®ÁŠ®±

§° …䜮âoã r°s®ÁŠ®±

§° §°y¯u®Š¯cŠ®±

§° î¯ãš®Š¯‡®±Š®±

§° î¯vНcŠ®±

§° Š®Uµ²°q®Ùî®± r°s®ÁŠ®±

§° ïc‰±°ºu®ä r°s®ÁŠ®±

§° ïu¯ãvðý®Š®±

§° НU®îµ°ºu®ä r°s®ÁŠ®±(НU®îµ°ºu®ä š¯æï±S®¡®±)

§° š®q®ã„µ²°uÂ®Š®±

§° ïÇ®±Ør°s®ÁŠ®±(¯u®w®²Š®±)

§° š®q®ãu¯w® r°s®ÁŠ®±

§° ïu¯ã¯w®ã r°s®ÁŠ®±