d°î®w®X®‹qµä N®³rS®¡®± þǮ㚮ºy®q®±Ù î®±Ÿîµ±S®¡®± šµ²Ù°q®äS®¡®± î®±±Qy®¼hNµÊ
¯u®æ î¯W⇮± q®y®›æS®¡®±
(î®±uÂ®æ ›u¯Üºq®î®w®±Ý y®äX®±Š®y®m›u® î®±œ¯w®±„¯®±.)
§° Š®U®²q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®±
(Oä.ý®.1557-95)
§°y¯u®Š® î®±Ÿîµ±
§° Š®U®²q®Ùî®±Š®± î®±œ¯ q®y®›æS®¡®±. S®±Š®±y®Š¯‡®±oŠ®±.
„®N®ÙŠ® Cœ®y®Š®S®¡µŠ®l®Š® š¯u®w®N¯ÊT î®±q®±Ù A®ªå šµ°îµSµ …ºu® „®N®ÙŠµ©åŠ®w®±Ý
š®©œ®±î® u®‡®¾¯y®Š®Š®±.„®N®ÙŠ® uµ¶ŸN® œ¯S®² ¯w®›N® wµ²°î®¼S®¡®w®±Ý y®‹œ®‹š®±î®¼u®Š®ªå
§° Š®U®²q®Ùî®±Š®± AS®ä¯w®ãŠ®±.A®± ºu¯î®w®š®ÚŠ¯T w¯©±Êw®²Š®± î®Ç®ÁS®¡®±
N®¡µ‡®±±q¯Ù …ºvu®ÛŠ®² A® î®±Ÿîµ± CºvS®² N®±ºv©å.vw®î®Ÿ w®²Š¯Š®± cw®Š®±,A®ªå
q®î®±â šµ°îµ‡®±w®±Ý š®ªå›,Aºu® y®äš¯u® y®lµ‡®±©±,CºvS®² rŠ®±Nµ²‰±©²‹Sµ qµŠ®¡®±q¯ÙŠµ.
A®ªå šµ°îµ ¯mu®î®Š®± …‹ Nµ¶‡®±ªå ŸºrŠ®±T …ºu®î®Š®± …œ®± Ay®Š®²y®. §° Š®U®²q®Ùî®±
r°s®Á §°y¯u®ºS®¡®î®Š®± „®N®ÙŠ® N¯î®±uµ°w®±,N®©Þ£® œ¯S®² Yºq¯î®±p š®æŠ®²y®Š®±.A®
ºu¯î®w® šµ°îµ‡®±ªå „®N®Ùcw®Š®± u®³l® „®OÙ‰±ºu® y¯Œµ²Ì¡®±ëu®©åuµ, î®±²N®
y¯äpS®¡¯u® u®w®N®Š®±S®¡®w®±Ý N®Šµu®±Nµ²ºl®± …ºu®± ºu¯î®w® y®äu®¤nµ ¯mš®±î®¼u®w®±Ý
w¯î®¼ N¯o±…œ®±u®±.u®w®N®Š®±S®¡® N¯‰±ŒµS®¡®± §°y¯u®Š® Aw®±S®äœ®vºu® ¯‡®±î¯S®±î®¼uµº…
w®º†Nµ‡®±² Aªå‡®± cw®S®¡®ªå „µ°Š®²‹uµ.
§°y¯u®Š® Nµ©î®¼ y®î¯l®S®¡®±
š®±î®¾¯Š®± w®²Šµ¶î®q®±Ù
î®Ç®ÁS®¢S®² î®±±ºXµ Aºcª° BX¯‡®±ÁŠµº„µ²…àŠ®± ºu¯î®w®š®Ú S®±Š®±S®¡®w®±Ý wµ²°l®©±
ºu¯î®w®u® Ÿº„¯S®NµÊ …Š®±î® îµ°¡µSµ ,…œ®± B‡®¾¯š®Sµ²ºl®± N®±›u®±†u®ÛŠ®±.A®±
îµ²u®Œµ° AºS®ïN®©Š®±.§° y¯u®Š®w®±Ý Aw®w®ã „®OÙ‰±ºu® š®Ú¡®vºu®Œµ° wµwµu®Š®±.š®±Ùr›u®Š®±.„®OÙ‰±ºu®
q®î®±â šµ°îµ‡®±w®±Ý š®ªå›u®Š®±. ºu¯î®w®î®¼ qµ°bµ²°î®±‡®±î¯T §° y¯u®Š®± „®S®î®ºq®w®
u¯ãw®u®ªå „®OÙ‰±ºu® Nµ¶bµ²°m› xºrŠ®±î®ºqµ ASµ „¯š®î¯‰±q®±.BX¯‡®±ÁŠ®ªå ý®OÙ
š®ºX¯Š®î¯‰±q®±. †u®Û®± Hu®±Û xºq®Š®±. §°y¯u®‹ºu® ASµ ®y®äu¯w®î¯Tq®±Ù.AŠµ²°S®ãq®Š¯T,Au®㇮±w®þ°©Š¯T
,Eq®Ùî®± S®r y¯äy®Ùî¯S®±î® Aw®±S®äœ®î¯u®ºqµ ASµ „¯š®î¯‰±q®±.BX¯‡®±ÁŠ®± N®³q®N®³q®ãŠ¯u®Š®±.š®æ©Þ
N¯©u®ªå‡µ±° A®± H©åŠ®ºqµ‡µ±° Ll¯mNµ²ºl®± „®S®u®áN®ÙŠ¯T d°î®w® w®lµš®±î®ºq¯‰±q®±.
rŠ®±Nµ²°‰±©²Š®± Š®šµÙ œ¯S®² rŠ®±Nµ²°‰±©²Š®± FŠ®±S®¡®w®±Ý š®º…ºvÚ®±î® Šµ¶©± ¯S®Á
‡µ²°cwµ N¯‡®±ÁS®q®î¯S®±î¯S® B Šµ¶©± ¯S®Á ºu¯î®w® £µ°q®äî®w®±Ý ArN®äﱚ®±î®
š®ºu®„®Á …ºvq®±.§°y¯u®Š®± š®º…ºu®y®hÔ Šµ¶Œµæ° AvÃN¯‹‡®± N®w®›éw®ªå N¯p›Nµ²ºl®±
ºu¯î®w®u® y®‹š®Š®NµÊ Nµ¶œ¯N®uµ° š®æ©Þu®²Š®u®ªå B ‡µ²°cwµ‡®±w®±Ý š®Ú¡¯ºq®‹š®±î®
š®²X®wµ Nµ²h±Ô-Au®w®±Ý q®î®±â š®²X®wµSµ Aw®±S®±oî¯T N¯‡®±ÁS®q®Sµ²¢›u¯Ûu®Šµ Au®± š®±š®²q®ä
î®±q®±Ù Bq®xSµ š®ºq¯w®y¯äzÙSµ N¯Š®oî¯S®±î®¼uµºu®± r¢›u®Š®±.Aºqµ‡µ±° Bq®w®± w®lµu®±,š®Š®N¯Š®NµÊ
BS®…œ®±u¯u® w®Ç®Ôî®w®±Ý q®zÞ›u®Û©åuµ,š¯æï±S®¡® Aw®±S®äœ®vºu¯T Bq®w®± š®ºq¯w®„¯S®ãî®w®±Ý
y®lµu®w®±.
As®p‡®± K…à š¯î®¾¯w®ã î®±w®±Ç®ã Aǵ԰w®± X®±Š®±N®©åu®î®w®±.Bq®xSµ ý¯š®ô
Lu®„µ°Nµº… œ®º…©.Bq® §°Š®U®²q®Ùî®±Š®ªå ý®Š®n¯u®.Nµ°î®© BŠ®± î®Ç®ÁS®¡®ªå "š®±u¯"
Au®㇮±w® w®lµ› y®ºmq®w¯Tu¯Ûwµ.
§° Š®U®²q®Ùî®±Š®± q®î®±â Aî®q¯Š® N¯©u®ªå š®ºX¯Š®u®ªåu¯ÛS®
Kîµ±â N®¡®ëŠ®S®±ºyµ½ºu®± §° î®±j®u® Jý®æ‡®±Áî®w®±Ý N®ºl®± îµ²°Ÿq®Š¯T Au®w®±Ý Ay®œ®‹š®©±
EuµÜ°þ› §°y¯u®Š® q®ºl®î®w®±Ý î®±±h±Ôî®îµ°¡µSµ,ASµ œ®j¯q¯Ùwµ HŒµå©²å „µºO‡®± b¯æŒµ
N®ºl®± …ºu®± A®± „®‡®±„¯äºq®Š¯T Lm §°y¯u®Š®ªå £®î®¾¯‡®¾¯X®wµ ¯mu®Š®±.
§°y¯u®Š®ªå
…œ®¡® ®±Ç®S®¢ºu® Al®±Sµ ¯mNµ²ºmu®Û Šµ²iÔ îµºN®o؄®hÔŠ®w®±Ý Aw®±S®äŸ› A®±
î®±±ºuµ Šµ²iÔ îµºN®oØ „®g¯ÔX¯‡®±ÁŠµºu®± q®q®æš®ºP¯ãw®, ïÇ®±Øq®q®æ,ïxoÁ‡®±,y®ä¯o
y®u®Ür îµ²u®Œ¯u® S®äºs®S®¢Sµ iy®ÞpS®¡®w®±Ý …Šµu®± y®ä›v܇®¾¯u®u®±Û §° Š®U®²q®Ùî®±Š®
Ay¯Š® N®Š®±nµSµ uµ²ã°q®N®.
œ¯Sµ‡µ±° A® î®±Ÿîµ±S®¡®± Ay¯Š®.Aºu® Ey®N®³q®Š¯u®î®Š®±
š¯ïŠ¯Š®± î®±ºv.
§°S®¡®î®Š® î®ãOÙq®æ
§°î®±cч®±r°s®ÁŠ®± §°î®±u¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ® š®î®Áî®±²©
S®äºs®S®¢Sµ i°N¯S®¡®w®±Ý …Šµu®± š®î®±s®Ái°N¯N¯Š®Šµx›u®Šµ,§° Š®U®²q®Ùî®±Š®± A®±
†hÔ w¯ã‡®±ï®o „¯S®NµÊ i°Nµ …Šµu®±, §° c‡®±r°s®ÁŠ® Nµ©î®¼ i°NµS®¢Sµ iy®ÞpS®¡®w®±Ý
…Šµu®±,Aî®NµÊ „¯µ²°u®îµºu®± œµš®‹h±Ô „¯µ²°u®N¯Š®Šµºuµ° y®ä›u®ÜŠ¯Tu¯ÛŠµ.
œ®vw¯Š®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® î®±œ¯vðºq®Š¯u® §°î¯ãš®Š¯‡®±Š®±,§°î¯vŠ¯cŠ®±,§° ïc‰±°ºu®äŠ®ºqµ,
C®² q®î®±â N®³rŠ®q®ÝS®¢ºu® î¯N®Þh±q®ævºu® y®Š®î¯vS®¡®w®±Ý c‰±›,Eu¯Š®qµ‰±ºu® A®w®±Ý
uµæȶq®î®±q®u® „µ¡®î®pSµ‡®±ªå š®œ¯‡®±N®Š¯Tu¯ÛŠµ.vðºq® þǮ㊮w®±Ý q®î®±â ïu¯ãz°j®u®ªå
q®Š®yµ°q®± Nµ²h±Ô „¯Š®q®u® î®±²Œµ î®±²ŒµS®¢Sµ q®q®æî¯u®u® Ÿ‹îµ±‡®±w®±Ý œ®Š®l®©±
N®¡®±Ÿ›u® C® š¯œ®š® îµ±X®±Ïq®u®±.
§° î¯ãš®Š¯‡®±Š® w¯ã‡®±î®±³q®NµÊ Eq®ÙŠ®Š®²y®î¯u®
î®±u®±š®²u®w® š®Š®š®ær‡®±± …Šµu® Auµæȶq® ›vÜSµ Qºl®w®î®w®±Ý …Šµu® q®Š®ºTp° Š¯î®¾¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ®²,
N®ºhNµ²°u¯ÜŠ®Š¯u® y¯ºl®±Š®ºT° Bw®ºu® „®g¯ÔN®Š®Š®²,§° îµ°uµ°ý® r°s®ÁŠ®± ,§° ‡®¾¯u®î¯‡®±ÁŠ®²
§° Š®Uµ²q®Ùî®±Š®± î®±u®æî®±u® y®äX¯Š®NµÊ Nµ²hÔ Aw®U®ãÁ Š®q®ÝS®¡®±.
§° Š®U®²q®Ùî®±Š®±
îµ±°u¯ïS®¡®², Bl®¢q®u®ªå u®£®Š®±.§°î®±j®u® Bl®¢q®u®ªå N¯äºrN¯‹N® …u®Œ¯î®nµS®¡®w®±Ý
b¯‹Sµ q®ºu®± §°î®±j®u® U®w®qµ S¹Š®î®S®¡®± œµX®Ï©± N¯Š®oŠ¯u®Š®±.
§° Š®U®²q®Ùî®±r°s®ÁŠ®±
î®±œ¯î®±Ÿî®±Š®±.q®y®›æS®¡®±. „®N®ÙŠ® y¯ªSµ C®± N¯î®±uµ°w®±, N®©Þ£® œ¯S®²
Yºq¯î®±p š®æŠ®²y®Š®±.A®w®±Ý îµ²Šµœµ²N®ÊŠµ HºvS®² Bq®ÁŠ®w®±Ý A®± Nµ¶†l®Š®± Hº…
w®º†Nµ „®N®ÙŠ®ªå „µ°Š®²‹uµ.
d°î®w®X®‹qµä N®³rS®¡®± þǮ㚮ºy®q®±Ù î®±Ÿîµ±S®¡®± šµ²Ù°q®äS®¡®± î®±±Qy®¼hNµÊ