d°î®w®X®‹qµä   N®³rS®¡®±   î®±Ÿîµ±S®¡®±   šµ²Ù°q®äS®¡®±   î®±±Qy®¼hNµÊ     

¯u®æ î¯W⇮± q®y®›æS®¡®±

(î®±uÂ®æ ›u¯Üºq®î®w®±Ý y®äX®±Š®y®m›u® î®±œ¯w®±„¯®±.)

¯u®w®²‹w® î®±œ¯î®±±x

§° ïÇ®±Ør°s®ÁŠ®±

(Oä.ý®.1756-1806)

 

N®³rS®¡®±

§° ïÇ®±Ør°s®ÁŠ®± Š®Y›Š®±î® S®äºs®S®¡® š®ºPµã Cºrǵ԰ Hºu®± QYq®î¯T r¢v©å. y®äN®³q® Ey®©…Ü±î® A® S®äºs®S®¡®± Ÿ°Tîµ.



1.Bu¯ãq¯âî®±³q®Š®š®Š®ºcx°

2.†º…š®±Ùr

3.î®±±N®Ù¯Œ¯[T°q¯š¯Šµ²°u¯ÜŠ®]

4.§° Š®î®¾¯šµ²Ù°q®ä

5.š®±î®±u®æïc‡®±y®äîµ±°‡®±y®©î®¾¯ªN¯

6.w¯ã‡®±š®±u¯ šµ²Ù°q®ä

7.§° N®³Ç¯ØÇ®ÔN®

8.†º„¯y®ÁoïvÃ

9.„¯S®î®q®u®Ášµ²Ù°q®ä

10.Bq®âš®±Q„µ²°vÃx° y®räN¯

11.AX®±ãq¯w®ºq® šµ²Ù°q®ä

12.§° c‡®±r°s¯ÁÇ®ÔN®

13.§° c‡®±r°s®Ášµ²Ù°q®ä

14.Ey®uµ°ý® šµ²Ù°q®ä

15.Bb¯Óy®q®ä

16.ǵ²°l®þ°

17.X®q®±u®Áþ°

18.§°î®±u¯áS®î®q® š¯Šµ²°u¯ÜŠ®

19.w¯ã‡®±š®±u¯ iy®Þp

20.§°î®±u¯áS®î®u®³q®š¯Š®

21.u¯ãw®š¯Ýw® ïvÃ


CS®¡®ªå Š®î®¾¯šµ²Ù°q®ä î®±q®±Ù š®±î®±u®æïc‡®±y®äîµ±°‡®±y®©î®¾¯ªN¯ ,D HŠ®l®Š® œµ²Š®q®± E¢uµ©å N®³rS®¡®± A® š®ºw¯ãš®y®½î®Áu® Š®X®wµS®¡®± Hºu®± AS®¡® Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå N®ºl®±…Š®±î® "Cr §°î®±u®î®u®²q®þŠµ²°î®±p c‡®±r°s¯ÁX¯‡®±ÁŠ®Yq®" Hº… ¯rxºu® r¢u®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. q®q®ÙÉæy®äN¯þN¯ iy®Þp‡µ²ºu®w®±Ý š®œ® C®± Š®Y›Š®±î®¼u¯T y®är°r‡®±±ºh±.

šµ²Ù°q®äS®¡®±,y®äîµ±°‡®± S®äºs®S®¡®±, š®ºS®äœ®S®¡®± î®±q®±Ù iy®ÞpS®¡®± Hº… w¯©±Ê î®±±Qãïu®S®¡®w®±Ý œµ²ºvŠ®±î® C® S®äºs®S®¡® Š®X®wµ‡®±± š®œ® q®±º„¯ î¯ãy®N®î®½, þÇ®ÔÉãy®½oÁ BTuµ. šµ²Ù°q®äS®¡µ©å ïïu® Sµ°‡®± q®ÙS®¡®ªå Š®Yq®î¯Tu®±Û, ýµ²å°N¯u®Á As®î¯ ýµ²å°N®y¯u®S®¡®± y®©å±ºqµ y®¼w®Š¯î®rÁq®î¯T ý®äî®o î®±w®w®S®¡µŠ®l®N®²Ê Au®±áq® y®‹n¯î®±î®w®±Ýºh±î®¾¯l®±q®Ùîµ.wµ°Š®î®½, š®Š®¡®î®½ Bu® xŠ®²y®nµ C® H©å N®³rS®¡® î®±±Qã©£®o.Ey¯š®wµSµ š®º…ºvÛu® …œ®± î®±±Qã y®äîµ±°‡®±S®¡® y®ä®î®wµÝ° C® ǵ²°l®þ°, X®q®±u®Áþ°, †º…š®±Ùr îµ²u®Œ¯u® N®³rS®¡®ªå N¯o…œ®±u®±.y®äî®±±Qî¯T y®äîµ±°‡®±S®¡®wµÝ° š®ºS®äŸš®±î® Cºq®œ® š®æq®ºq®ä N®³rS®¡®± îµ°u¯ºq®î¯W⇮±u®Œµå° q®±º„¯ ¡®.D u®³™Ô‡®±ªå §°ïÇ®±Ør°s®ÁŠ® š¯Úw®NµÊ Ay¯Š® „µŒµ Cuµ. î®±²©S®äºs®vºu® Nµ©îµ° ýµ²å°N®S®¡®w®±Ý B‡®±±Û, B S®äºs®u® î®±œ¯q¯q®Þ‡®±Á î®±q®±Ù î®±±î®±±£®±ïw® š¯u®w® š®î®Áš®æî®w®±Ý AS®¡® ïš®Ùȳq® î¯ãP¯ãw®u®ªå xŠ®²zš®±î® C® „¯S®î®q® š¯Šµ²°u¯ÜŠ® (î®±q®±Ù T°q¯š¯Šµ²°u¯ÜŠ®) u®ºq®œ® N®³rS®¡®± db¯Óš®±S®¢Sµ ¯l®±î® Ey®N¯Š® Ay¯Š®."Bq®âš®±Q„µ²°vÃx° y®räN¯", î®±q®±Ù Ey®uµ°ý® y®q®ä Hº… C® HŠ®l®±( N®w®Ýl®-y®q®äš¯Ÿq®ãŠ®²y®) N®³rS®¡®ªå ïÇ®‡®±š®±Qu®q®Ù u¯±î® cw®S®¡®w®±Ý xq®ãš®±Q N®Š®±pš®±î® „®S®î®ºq®w®q®Ù šµ¡µ‡®±±î® N®¡®N®¢ Hu®±Û N¯o±q®Ùuµ.KiÔw®ªå œµ°¡®±î®¼u¯u®Šµ, A® Ey®uµ°ý® y®q®ä …ºvŠ®±î® "w¯w¯Š®²y®vºu® N®ª„¯u¯" Hº„µ²° Šµ²°S®vºu® …ºu® AŠ®±Y y®‹œ®‹› š®î®ÁcÓŠ® S®äºs® Hº„µ²° î®±³Ç¯Ôw®Ý„µ²°cw®vºu® q®³zÙ‡µ±¶všµ²°u®NµÊ Kºu®± ¯qµä, Kºu®± Š®š¯‡®±w®" Hº… ¯q®± A® HŒ¯å S®äºs®S®¢S®² Aw®æ‰±š®±q®Ùuµ.Jrœ¯›N®î¯T uµæȶq®îµ°u¯ºq®u® iy®Þp°‡®±±S®u® Aºrî®±U®hÔî®w®±Ý y®ärxvÚ®±î® y®äî®±±QŠ®ªå §° ïÇ®±Ør°s®ÁŠ®± Awµ°N® N¯Š®oS®¢ºu® q®±º„¯ ¯w®ãŠ¯Tu¯ÛŠµ.

 

d°î®w®X®‹qµä   N®³rS®¡®±   î®±Ÿîµ±S®¡®±   šµ²Ù°q®äS®¡®±   î®±±Qy®¼hNµÊ